diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 032bf9d..2584e8a 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 language: php
 
-phps:
+php:
   - 5.2
   - 5.3
   - 5.4
diff --git a/system/database/DB_driver.php b/system/database/DB_driver.php
index 42b1b35..9f1a0b8 100644
--- a/system/database/DB_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/DB_driver.php
@@ -171,6 +171,23 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
+	 * Reconnect
+	 *
+	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
+	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout.
+	 *
+	 * This is just a dummy method to allow drivers without such
+	 * functionality to not declare it, while others will override it.
+	 *
+	 * @return      void
+	 */
+	public function reconnect()
+	{
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
 	 * Set client character set
 	 *
 	 * @param	string
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
index f39c2ad..bed3d86 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/cubrid/cubrid_driver.php
@@ -57,6 +57,27 @@
 	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
 	protected $_random_keyword = ' RAND()'; // database specific random keyword
 
+	// CUBRID-specific properties
+	public $auto_commit = TRUE;
+
+	public function __construct($params)
+	{
+		parent::__construct($params);
+
+		if (preg_match('/^CUBRID:[^:]+(:[0-9][1-9]{0,4})?:[^:]+:[^:]*:[^:]*:(\?.+)?$/', $this->dsn, $matches))
+		{
+			if (stripos($matches[2], 'autocommit=off') !== FALSE)
+			{
+				$this->auto_commit = FALSE;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			// If no port is defined by the user, use the default value
+			$this->port == '' OR $this->port = 33000;
+		}
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
@@ -64,31 +85,7 @@
 	 */
 	public function db_connect()
 	{
-		// If no port is defined by the user, use the default value
-		if ($this->port == '')
-		{
-			// Default CUBRID Broker port
-			$this->port = 33000;
-		}
-
-		$conn = cubrid_connect($this->hostname, $this->port, $this->database, $this->username, $this->password);
-
-		if ($conn)
-		{
-			// Check if a user wants to run queries in dry, i.e. run the
-			// queries but not commit them.
-			if (isset($this->auto_commit) && ! $this->auto_commit)
-			{
-				cubrid_set_autocommit($conn, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_FALSE);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				cubrid_set_autocommit($conn, CUBRID_AUTOCOMMIT_TRUE);
-				$this->auto_commit = TRUE;
-			}
-		}
-
-		return $conn;
+		return $this->_cubrid_connect();
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -100,15 +97,45 @@
 	 * engine which can be configured in the CUBRID Broker configuration
 	 * file by setting the CCI_PCONNECT parameter to ON. In that case, all
 	 * connections established between the client application and the
-	 * server will become persistent. This is calling the same
-	 * @cubrid_connect function will establish persisten connection
-	 * considering that the CCI_PCONNECT is ON.
+	 * server will become persistent.
 	 *
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
 	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		return $this->db_connect();
+		return $this->_cubrid_connect(TRUE);
+	}
+
+	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+	/**
+	 * CUBRID connection
+	 *
+	 * A CUBRID-specific method to create a connection to the database.
+	 * Except for determining if a persistent connection should be used,
+	 * the rest of the logic is the same for db_connect() and db_pconnect().
+	 *
+	 * @param	bool
+	 * @return	resource
+	 */
+	protected function _cubrid_connect($persistent = FALSE)
+	{
+		if (preg_match('/^CUBRID:[^:]+(:[0-9][1-9]{0,4})?:[^:]+:([^:]*):([^:]*):(\?.+)?$/', $this->dsn, $matches))
+		{
+			$_temp = ($persistent !== TRUE) ? 'cubrid_connect_with_url' : 'cubrid_pconnect_with_url';
+			$conn_id = ($matches[2] === '' && $matches[3] === '' && $this->username !== '' && $this->password !== '')
+					? $_temp($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password)
+					: $_temp($this->dsn);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$_temp = ($persistent !== TRUE) ? 'cubrid_connect' : 'cubrid_pconnect';
+			$conn_id = ($this->username !== '')
+					? $_temp($this->hostname, $this->port, $this->database, $this->username, $this->password)
+					: $_temp($this->hostname, $this->port, $this->database);
+		}
+
+		return $conn_id;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
index 9fa03ad..d8b6ae5 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_driver.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Firebird/Interbase Database Adapter Class
  *
@@ -56,8 +54,8 @@
 	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
 	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
 	 */
-	protected $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	protected $_random_keyword = ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
+	protected $_count_string	= 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+	protected $_random_keyword	= ' Random()'; // database specific random keyword
 
 	// Keeps track of the resource for the current transaction
 	protected $trans;
@@ -87,21 +85,6 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in Interbase/Firebird
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
 	 * @return	bool
@@ -160,13 +143,8 @@
 	 */
 	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -174,7 +152,7 @@
 		// Reset the transaction failure flag.
 		// If the $test_mode flag is set to TRUE transactions will be rolled back
 		// even if the queries produce a successful result.
-		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+		$this->_trans_failure = ($test_mode === TRUE);
 
 		$this->trans = @ibase_trans($this->conn_id);
 
@@ -190,13 +168,8 @@
 	 */
 	public function trans_commit()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans->depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -213,13 +186,8 @@
 	 */
 	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
-		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
-		{
-			return TRUE;
-		}
-
 		// When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
-		if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled OR $this->_trans_depth > 0)
 		{
 			return TRUE;
 		}
@@ -251,9 +219,9 @@
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -264,7 +232,7 @@
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function affected_rows()
 	{
@@ -276,9 +244,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Insert ID
 	 *
-	 * @param	string $generator_name
-	 * @param	integer $inc_by
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @param	string	$generator_name
+	 * @param	int	$inc_by
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function insert_id($generator_name, $inc_by=0)
 	{
@@ -310,9 +278,9 @@
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		$row = $query->row();
+		$query = $query->row();
 		$this->_reset_select();
-		return (int) $row->numrows;
+		return (int) $query->numrows;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -322,21 +290,18 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$sql = <<<SQL
-			SELECT "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATIONS" 
-			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'RDB$%'
-			AND "RDB\$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE 'MON$%'
-SQL;
+		$sql = 'SELECT "RDB$RELATION_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATIONS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'RDB$%\' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" NOT LIKE \'MON$%\'';
 
-		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
+		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE && $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			$sql .= ' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
+			return $sql.' AND "RDB$RELATION_NAME" LIKE \''.$this->escape_like_str($this->dbprefix)."%' ".sprintf($this->_like_escape_str, $this->_like_escape_chr);
 		}
+
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
@@ -352,10 +317,7 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
-		return <<<SQL
-			SELECT "RDB\$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB\$RELATION_FIELDS" 
-			WHERE "RDB\$RELATION_NAME"='{$table}';
-SQL;
+		return 'SELECT "RDB$FIELD_NAME" FROM "RDB$RELATION_FIELDS" WHERE "RDB$RELATION_NAME" = \''.$this->escape_str($table)."'";
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -366,14 +328,14 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
 		// Need to find a more efficient way to do this
 		// but Interbase/Firebird seems to lack the
 		// limit clause
-		return "SELECT * FROM {$table}";
+		return 'SELECT * FROM '.$table;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -407,24 +369,20 @@
 		{
 			if (strpos($item, '.'.$id) !== FALSE)
 			{
-				$str = $this->_escape_char. str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
+				$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.', $item);
 
 				// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+				return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item);
 			}
 		}
 
 		if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item).$this->_escape_char;
-		}
-		else
-		{
-			$str = $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char;
+			$item = str_replace('.', $this->_escape_char.'.'.$this->_escape_char, $item);
 		}
 
 		// remove duplicates if the user already included the escape
-		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $str);
+		return preg_replace('/['.$this->_escape_char.']+/', $this->_escape_char, $this->_escape_char.$item.$this->_escape_char);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -435,8 +393,8 @@
 	 * This public function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
 	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
 	 *
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _from_tables($tables)
 	{
@@ -463,7 +421,7 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
-		return "INSERT INTO {$table} (".implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
+		return 'INSERT INTO '.$table.' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -484,20 +442,14 @@
 	{
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
-			$valstr[] = $key." = ".$val;
+			$valstr[] = $key.' = '.$val;
 		}
 
 		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
 
-		$orderby = (count($orderby) >= 1)?' ORDER BY '.implode(", ", $orderby):'';
-
-		$sql = "UPDATE {$table} SET ".implode(', ', $valstr);
-
-		$sql .= ($where != '' AND count($where) >=1) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '';
-
-		$sql .= $orderby;
-
-		return $sql;
+		return 'UPDATE '.$table.' SET '.implode(', ', $valstr)
+			.(($where != '' && count($where) > 0) ? ' WHERE '.implode(' ', $where) : '')
+			.(count($orderby) > 0 ? ' ORDER BY '.implode(', ', $orderby) : '');
 	}
 
 
@@ -532,23 +484,20 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
-		$conditions = '';
-
 		if (count($where) > 0 OR count($like) > 0)
 		{
-			$conditions = "\nWHERE ";
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $this->ar_where);
-
-			if (count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0)
-			{
-				$conditions .= ' AND ';
-			}
-			$conditions .= implode("\n", $like);
+			$conditions = "\nWHERE ".implode("\n", $where)
+					.((count($where) > 0 && count($like) > 0) ? ' AND ' : '')
+					.implode("\n", $like);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			$conditions = '';
 		}
 
 		//$limit = ( ! $limit) ? '' : ' LIMIT '.$limit;
 
-		return "DELETE FROM {$table}{$conditions}";
+		return 'DELETE FROM '.$table.' '.$conditions;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -559,36 +508,25 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
 	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
-		// Keep the current sql string safe for a moment
-		$orig_sql = $sql;
-
 		// Limit clause depends on if Interbase or Firebird
 		if (stripos($this->version(), 'firebird') !== FALSE)
 		{
-			$sql = 'FIRST '. (int) $limit;
-
-			if ($offset > 0)
-			{
-				$sql .= ' SKIP '. (int) $offset;
-			}
+			$select = 'FIRST '. (int) $limit
+				.($offset > 0 ? ' SKIP '. (int) $offset : '');
 		}
 		else
 		{
-			$sql = 'ROWS ' . (int) $limit;
-
-			if ($offset > 0)
-			{
-				$sql = 'ROWS '. (int) $offset . ' TO ' . ($limit + $offset);
-			}
+			$select = 'ROWS '
+				.($offset > 0 ? (int) $offset.' TO '.($limit + $offset) : (int) $limit);
 		}
 
-		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', "SELECT {$sql}", $orig_sql);
+		return preg_replace('`SELECT`i', 'SELECT '.$select, $sql);
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
index 5bf0c90..fd4178d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/interbase/interbase_result.php
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * Interbase/Firebird Result Class
  *
@@ -43,18 +41,18 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function num_rows()
 	{
-		if( ! is_null($this->num_rows))
+		if (is_int($this->num_rows))
 		{
 			return $this->num_rows;
 		}
-		
-		//Get the results so that you can get an accurate rowcount
+
+		// Get the results so that you can get an accurate rowcount
 		$this->result();
-		
+
 		return $this->num_rows;
 	}
 
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
 	public function num_fields()
 	{
@@ -102,20 +100,17 @@
 	 */
 	public function field_data()
 	{
-		
 		$retval = array();
-		for ($i = 0, $num_fields = $this->num_fields(); $i < $num_fields; $i++)
+		for ($i = 0, $c = $this->num_fields(); $i < $c; $i++)
 		{
 			$info = ibase_field_info($this->result_id, $i);
-		
-			$F				= new stdClass();
-			$F->name		= $info['name'];
-			$F->type		= $info['type'];
-			$F->max_length	= $info['length'];
-			$F->primary_key = 0;
-			$F->default		= '';
 
-			$retval[] = $F;
+			$retval[$i]			= new stdClass();
+			$retval[$i]->name		= $info['name'];
+			$retval[$i]->type		= $info['type'];
+			$retval[$i]->max_length		= $info['length'];
+			$retval[$i]->primary_key	= 0;
+			$retval[$i]->default		= '';
 		}
 
 		return $retval;
@@ -126,7 +121,7 @@
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
 	public function free_result()
 	{
@@ -138,7 +133,7 @@
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
 	 * result set starts at zero
 	 *
@@ -146,11 +141,8 @@
 	 */
 	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
-		//Set the row count to 0
-		$this->num_rows = 0;
-	
-		//Interbase driver doesn't implement a suitable function
-		return FALSE;	
+		// Interbase driver doesn't implement a suitable function
+		return FALSE;
 	}
 
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -169,7 +161,7 @@
 			//Increment row count
 			$this->num_rows++;
 		}
-	
+
 		return $row;
 	}
 
@@ -189,10 +181,10 @@
 			//Increment row count
 			$this->num_rows++;
 		}
-		
+
 		return $row;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -202,29 +194,20 @@
 	 */
 	public function result_object()
 	{
-		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		if (count($this->result_object) === $this->num_rows)
 		{
 			return $this->result_object;
 		}
-		
-		// Convert result array to object so that 
+
+		// Convert result array to object so that
 		// We don't have to get the result again
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		if (($c = count($this->result_array)) > 0)
 		{
-			$i = 0;
-		
-			foreach ($this->result_array as $array)
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$this->result_object[$i] = new StdClass();
-			
-				foreach ($array as $key => $val)
-				{
-					$this->result_object[$i]->{$key} = $val;
-				}
-				
-				++$i;
+				$this->result_object[$i] = (object) $this->result_array[$i];
 			}
-			
+
 			return $this->result_object;
 		}
 
@@ -254,20 +237,20 @@
 	 */
 	public function result_array()
 	{
-		if (count($this->result_array) > 0)
+		if (count($this->result_array) === $this->num_rows)
 		{
 			return $this->result_array;
 		}
-		
+
 		// Since the object and array are really similar, just case
 		// the result object to an array  if need be
-		if (count($this->result_object) > 0)
+		if (($c = count($this->result_object)) > 0)
 		{
-			foreach ($this->result_object as $obj)
+			for ($i = 0; $i < $c; $i++)
 			{
-				$this->result_array[] = (array) $obj;
+				$this->result_array[$i] = (array) $this->result_object[$i];
 			}
-		
+
 			return $this->result_array;
 		}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
index 1c1b845..f2933fe 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/mssql/mssql_driver.php
@@ -92,21 +92,6 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in MSSQL
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	database name
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
index 238a08f..c9e791d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/oci8/oci8_driver.php
@@ -103,22 +103,6 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in oracle
-		return;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
 	 * @return	resource
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
index 6704264..901787f 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/odbc/odbc_driver.php
@@ -90,21 +90,6 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in odbc
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
 	 * @return	resource
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
index 9b44e7c..19338e3 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_driver.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * PDO Database Adapter Class
  *
@@ -42,28 +40,28 @@
  */
 class CI_DB_pdo_driver extends CI_DB {
 
-	var $dbdriver = 'pdo';
+	public $dbdriver = 'pdo';
 
 	// the character used to excape - not necessary for PDO
-	var $_escape_char = '';
+	protected $_escape_char = '';
 
 	// clause and character used for LIKE escape sequences
-	var $_like_escape_str;
-	var $_like_escape_chr;
+	protected $_like_escape_str;
+	protected $_like_escape_chr;
 
 	/**
 	 * The syntax to count rows is slightly different across different
 	 * database engines, so this string appears in each driver and is
 	 * used for the count_all() and count_all_results() functions.
 	 */
-	var $_count_string = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS ";
-	var $_random_keyword;
+	protected $_count_string = 'SELECT COUNT(*) AS ';
+	protected $_random_keyword;
 
 	// need to track the pdo driver and options
-	var $pdodriver;
-	var $options = array();
+	public $pdodriver;
+	public $options = array();
 
-	function __construct($params)
+	public function __construct($params)
 	{
 		parent::__construct($params);
 
@@ -96,19 +94,18 @@
 			$this->_like_escape_str = " ESCAPE '%s' ";
 			$this->_like_escape_chr = '!';
 		}
-		
-		$this->trans_enabled   = FALSE;
+
+		$this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
 		$this->_random_keyword = ' RND('.time().')'; // database specific random keyword
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Connection String
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _connect_string($params)
+	protected function _connect_string($params)
 	{
 		if (strpos($this->hostname, ':'))
 		{
@@ -138,7 +135,7 @@
 			$this->dsn = $this->pdodriver.':';
 
 			// Add hostname to the DSN for databases that need it
-			if ( ! empty($this->hostname) 
+			if ( ! empty($this->hostname)
 				&& strpos($this->hostname, ':') === FALSE
 				&& in_array($this->pdodriver, array('informix', 'mysql', 'pgsql', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
 			{
@@ -153,7 +150,7 @@
 		}
 
 		// Add the database name to the DSN, if needed
-	    if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dbname') === FALSE 
+	    if (stripos($this->dsn, 'dbname') === FALSE
 	       && in_array($this->pdodriver, array('4D', 'pgsql', 'mysql', 'firebird', 'sybase', 'mssql', 'dblib', 'cubrid')))
 	    {
 	        $this->dsn .= 'dbname='.$this->database.';';
@@ -190,10 +187,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Non-persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function db_connect()
+	public function db_connect()
 	{
 		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
 
@@ -205,14 +201,13 @@
 	/**
 	 * Persistent database connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function db_pconnect()
+	public function db_pconnect()
 	{
-		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE]    = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
+		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE] = PDO::ERRMODE_SILENT;
 		$this->options[PDO::ATTR_PERSISTENT] = TRUE;
-	
+
 		return $this->pdo_connect();
 	}
 
@@ -221,23 +216,22 @@
 	/**
 	 * PDO connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the PDO driver class
-	 * @return	resource
+	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function pdo_connect()
+	public function pdo_connect()
 	{
 		// Refer : http://php.net/manual/en/ref.pdo-mysql.connection.php
-		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' && is_php('5.3.6'))
+		if ($this->pdodriver === 'mysql' && ! is_php('5.3.6'))
 		{
 			$this->options[PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND] = "SET NAMES $this->char_set COLLATE '$this->dbcollat'";
 		}
 
 		// Connecting...
-		try 
+		try
 		{
 			$db = new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password, $this->options);
-		} 
-		catch (PDOException $e) 
+		}
+		catch (PDOException $e)
 		{
 			if ($this->db_debug && empty($this->failover))
 			{
@@ -253,33 +247,11 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
-	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	function reconnect()
-	{
-		if ($this->db->db_debug)
-		{
-			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
-		}
-
-		return FALSE;
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @return	resource
 	 */
-	function db_select()
+	public function db_select()
 	{
 		// Not needed for PDO
 		return TRUE;
@@ -304,16 +276,15 @@
 	/**
 	 * Execute the query
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by the base class
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _execute($sql)
+	protected function _execute($sql)
 	{
 		$sql = $this->_prep_query($sql);
 
 		$result_id = $this->conn_id->query($sql);
-		
+
 		if (is_object($result_id))
 		{
 			$this->affect_rows = $result_id->rowCount();
@@ -322,7 +293,7 @@
 		{
 			$this->affect_rows = 0;
 		}
-		
+
 		return $result_id;
 	}
 
@@ -333,11 +304,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * If needed, each database adapter can prep the query string
 	 *
-	 * @access	private called by execute()
 	 * @param	string	an SQL query
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _prep_query($sql)
+	protected function _prep_query($sql)
 	{
 		if ($this->pdodriver === 'pgsql')
 		{
@@ -358,10 +328,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Begin Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
+	public function trans_begin($test_mode = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
@@ -387,10 +356,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Commit Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_commit()
+	public function trans_commit()
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
@@ -404,7 +372,7 @@
 		}
 
 		$ret = $this->conn->commit();
-		
+
 		return $ret;
 	}
 
@@ -413,10 +381,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Rollback Transaction
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function trans_rollback()
+	public function trans_rollback()
 	{
 		if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
 		{
@@ -439,12 +406,11 @@
 	/**
 	 * Escape String
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @param	bool	whether or not the string will be used in a LIKE condition
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
+	public function escape_str($str, $like = FALSE)
 	{
 		if (is_array($str))
 		{
@@ -455,24 +421,22 @@
 
 			return $str;
 		}
-		
+
 		//Escape the string
 		$str = $this->conn_id->quote($str);
-		
+
 		//If there are duplicated quotes, trim them away
 		if (strpos($str, "'") === 0)
 		{
 			$str = substr($str, 1, -1);
 		}
-		
+
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', 
-								      $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', 
-								      $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
@@ -483,10 +447,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Affected Rows
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function affected_rows()
+	public function affected_rows()
 	{
 		return $this->affect_rows;
 	}
@@ -518,7 +481,6 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string that counts all records in
 	 * the specified database
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
@@ -550,11 +512,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the table names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @param	boolean
+	 * @param	bool
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _list_tables($prefix_limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		if ($this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
 		{
@@ -573,7 +534,7 @@
 
 		if ($prefix_limit !== FALSE AND $this->dbprefix != '')
 		{
-			return FALSE; 
+			return FALSE;
 		}
 
 		return $sql;
@@ -586,11 +547,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query string so that the column names can be fetched
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _list_columns($table = '')
+	protected function _list_columns($table = '')
 	{
 		return 'SHOW COLUMNS FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
@@ -602,11 +562,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that the column data can be retrieved
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _field_data($table)
+	protected function _field_data($table)
 	{
 		if ($this->pdodriver == 'mysql' or $this->pdodriver == 'pgsql')
 		{
@@ -623,7 +582,7 @@
 			// Analog function for sqlite
 			return 'PRAGMA table_info('.$this->_from_tables($table).')';
 		}
-		
+
 		return 'SELECT TOP 1 FROM '.$this->_from_tables($table);
 	}
 
@@ -663,11 +622,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * This function escapes column and table names
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _escape_identifiers($item)
+	public function _escape_identifiers($item)
 	{
 		if ($this->_escape_char == '')
 		{
@@ -707,11 +665,10 @@
 	 * This function implicitly groups FROM tables so there is no confusion
 	 * about operator precedence in harmony with SQL standards
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @param	type
-	 * @return	type
+	 * @param	array
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _from_tables($tables)
+	protected function _from_tables($tables)
 	{
 		if ( ! is_array($tables))
 		{
@@ -728,17 +685,16 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the insert keys
 	 * @param	array	the insert values
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
 		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES ('.implode(', ', $values).')';
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -746,13 +702,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific insert string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access  public
-	 * @param   string  the table name
-	 * @param   array   the insert keys
-	 * @param   array   the insert values
-	 * @return  string
+	 * @param	string	the table name
+	 * @param	array	the insert keys
+	 * @param	array	the insert values
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
+	protected function _insert_batch($table, $keys, $values)
 	{
 		return 'INSERT INTO '.$this->_from_tables($table).' ('.implode(', ', $keys).') VALUES '.implode(', ', $values);
 	}
@@ -764,7 +719,6 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
@@ -772,7 +726,7 @@
 	 * @param	array	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _update($table, $values, $where, $orderby = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		foreach ($values as $key => $val)
 		{
@@ -788,7 +742,7 @@
 
 		return $sql;
 	}
-	
+
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -796,13 +750,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific batch update string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the update data
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
+	protected function _update_batch($table, $values, $index, $where = NULL)
 	{
 		$ids   = array();
 		$where = ($where != '' && count($where) >=1) ? implode(" ", $where).' AND ' : '';
@@ -841,7 +794,6 @@
 		return $sql;
 	}
 
-
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
@@ -851,11 +803,10 @@
 	 * If the database does not support the truncate() command
 	 * This function maps to "DELETE FROM table"
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _truncate($table)
+	protected function _truncate($table)
 	{
 		return $this->_delete($table);
 	}
@@ -867,13 +818,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific delete string from the supplied data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the where clause
 	 * @param	string	the limit clause
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
+	protected function _delete($table, $where = array(), $like = array(), $limit = FALSE)
 	{
 		$conditions = '';
 
@@ -902,13 +852,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific LIMIT clause
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	string	the sql query string
-	 * @param	integer	the number of rows to limit the query to
-	 * @param	integer	the offset value
+	 * @param	int	the number of rows to limit the query to
+	 * @param	int	the offset value
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
+	protected function _limit($sql, $limit, $offset)
 	{
 		if ($this->pdodriver == 'cubrid' OR $this->pdodriver == 'sqlite')
 		{
@@ -920,7 +869,7 @@
 		{
 			$sql .= 'LIMIT '.$limit;
 			$sql .= ($offset > 0) ? ' OFFSET '.$offset : '';
-			
+
 			return $sql;
 		}
 	}
@@ -930,11 +879,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * Close DB Connection
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @param	resource
 	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function _close($conn_id)
+	protected function _close($conn_id)
 	{
 		$this->conn_id = null;
 	}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
index 2e5c81d..6bff354 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_forge.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * PDO Forge Class
  *
@@ -39,11 +37,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * Create database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_database()
+	public function _create_database()
 	{
 		// PDO has no "create database" command since it's
 		// designed to connect to an existing database
@@ -59,11 +56,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * Drop database
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the database name
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _drop_database($name)
+	public function _drop_database($name)
 	{
 		// PDO has no "drop database" command since it's
 		// designed to connect to an existing database
@@ -79,15 +75,14 @@
 	/**
 	 * Create Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	array	the fields
 	 * @param	mixed	primary key(s)
 	 * @param	mixed	key(s)
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
+	 * @param	bool	should 'IF NOT EXISTS' be added to the SQL
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
+	public function _create_table($table, $fields, $primary_keys, $keys, $if_not_exists)
 	{
 		$sql = 'CREATE TABLE ';
 
@@ -191,10 +186,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Drop Table
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _drop_table($table)
+	public function _drop_table($table)
 	{
 		// Not a supported PDO feature
 		if ($this->db->db_debug)
@@ -212,17 +206,16 @@
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be altered
 	 * Called by add_column(), drop_column(), and column_alter(),
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the ALTER type (ADD, DROP, CHANGE)
 	 * @param	string	the column name
 	 * @param	string	the table name
 	 * @param	string	the column definition
 	 * @param	string	the default value
-	 * @param	boolean	should 'NOT NULL' be added
+	 * @param	bool	should 'NOT NULL' be added
 	 * @param	string	the field after which we should add the new field
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
+	public function _alter_table($alter_type, $table, $column_name, $column_definition = '', $default_value = '', $null = '', $after_field = '')
 	{
 		$sql = 'ALTER TABLE `'.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table).'` '.$alter_type.' '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($column_name);
 
@@ -265,12 +258,11 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be renamed
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the old table name
 	 * @param	string	the new table name
 	 * @return	string
 	 */
-	function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
+	public function _rename_table($table_name, $new_table_name)
 	{
 		return 'ALTER TABLE '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($table_name).' RENAME TO '.$this->db->protect_identifiers($new_table_name);
 	}
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
index 384b753..5bbd85d 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_result.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * PDO Result Class
  *
@@ -51,10 +49,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of rows in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_rows()
+	public function num_rows()
 	{
 		if (empty($this->result_id) OR ! is_object($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -74,10 +71,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Fetch the result handler
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function result_assoc()
+	public function result_assoc()
 	{
 		// If the result already fetched before, use that one
 		if (count($this->result_array) > 0 OR $this->is_fetched)
@@ -94,7 +90,7 @@
 			// Define the method and handler
 			$res_method  = '_fetch_'.$type;
 			$res_handler = 'result_'.$type;
-			
+
 			$this->$res_handler = array();
 			$this->_data_seek(0);
 
@@ -116,10 +112,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Number of fields in the result set
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	integer
+	 * @return	int
 	 */
-	function num_fields()
+	public function num_fields()
 	{
 		return $this->result_id->columnCount();
 	}
@@ -131,16 +126,15 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of column names
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function list_fields()
+	public function list_fields()
 	{
 		if ($this->db->db_debug)
 		{
 			return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
 		}
-		
+
 		return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -151,13 +145,12 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates an array of objects containing field meta-data
 	 *
-	 * @access	public
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function field_data()
+	public function field_data()
 	{
 		$data = array();
-	
+
 		try
 		{
 			if (strpos($this->result_id->queryString, 'PRAGMA') !== FALSE)
@@ -173,7 +166,7 @@
 					$F->max_length	= ( ! empty($matches[2])) ? preg_replace('/[^\d]/', '', $matches[2]) : NULL;
 					$F->primary_key = (int) $field['pk'];
 					$F->pdo_type	= NULL;
-					
+
 					$data[] = $F;
 				}
 			}
@@ -188,7 +181,7 @@
 					$F->type	= $field['native_type'];
 					$F->default	= NULL;
 					$F->pdo_type	= $field['pdo_type'];
-					
+
 					if ($field['precision'] < 0)
 					{
 						$F->max_length	= NULL;
@@ -203,7 +196,7 @@
 					$data[] = $F;
 				}
 			}
-			
+
 			return $data;
 		}
 		catch (Exception $e)
@@ -222,9 +215,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * Free the result
 	 *
-	 * @return	null
+	 * @return	void
 	 */
-	function free_result()
+	public function free_result()
 	{
 		if (is_object($this->result_id))
 		{
@@ -237,14 +230,13 @@
 	/**
 	 * Data Seek
 	 *
-	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset.  We call
+	 * Moves the internal pointer to the desired offset. We call
 	 * this internally before fetching results to make sure the
 	 * result set starts at zero
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
-	 * @return	array
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _data_seek($n = 0)
+	protected function _data_seek($n = 0)
 	{
 		return FALSE;
 	}
@@ -256,10 +248,9 @@
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an array
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	array
 	 */
-	function _fetch_assoc()
+	protected function _fetch_assoc()
 	{
 		return $this->result_id->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
 	}
@@ -271,11 +262,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * Returns the result set as an object
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	object
 	 */
-	function _fetch_object()
-	{	
+	protected function _fetch_object()
+	{
 		return $this->result_id->fetchObject();
 	}
 
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
index c278c51..86c7983 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/pdo/pdo_utility.php
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+<?php if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
 /**
  * CodeIgniter
  *
  * An open source application development framework for PHP 5.2.4 or newer
  *
  * NOTICE OF LICENSE
- * 
+ *
  * Licensed under the Open Software License version 3.0
- * 
+ *
  * This source file is subject to the Open Software License (OSL 3.0) that is
  * bundled with this package in the files license.txt / license.rst.  It is
  * also available through the world wide web at this URL:
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
  * @filesource
  */
 
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 /**
  * PDO Utility Class
  *
@@ -39,10 +37,9 @@
 	/**
 	 * List databases
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _list_databases()
+	public function _list_databases()
 	{
 		// Not sure if PDO lets you list all databases...
 		if ($this->db->db_debug)
@@ -59,11 +56,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be optimized
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _optimize_table($table)
+	public function _optimize_table($table)
 	{
 		// Not a supported PDO feature
 		if ($this->db->db_debug)
@@ -80,11 +76,10 @@
 	 *
 	 * Generates a platform-specific query so that a table can be repaired
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	string	the table name
-	 * @return	object
+	 * @return	bool
 	 */
-	function _repair_table($table)
+	public function _repair_table($table)
 	{
 		// Not a supported PDO feature
 		if ($this->db->db_debug)
@@ -99,11 +94,10 @@
 	/**
 	 * PDO Export
 	 *
-	 * @access	private
 	 * @param	array	Preferences
 	 * @return	mixed
 	 */
-	function _backup($params = array())
+	public function _backup($params = array())
 	{
 		// Currently unsupported
 		return $this->db->display_error('db_unsuported_feature');
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
index bb86c22..102c79b 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlite/sqlite_driver.php
@@ -106,21 +106,6 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in SQLite
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
 	 * @return	resource
@@ -260,9 +245,9 @@
 		// escape LIKE condition wildcards
 		if ($like === TRUE)
 		{
-			$str = str_replace(	array('%', '_', $this->_like_escape_chr),
-								array($this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_', $this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr),
-								$str);
+			return str_replace(array($this->_like_escape_chr, '%', '_'),
+						array($this->_like_escape_chr.$this->_like_escape_chr, $this->_like_escape_chr.'%', $this->_like_escape_chr.'_'),
+						$str);
 		}
 
 		return $str;
diff --git a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
index 2b9f822..9f2f886 100644
--- a/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
+++ b/system/database/drivers/sqlsrv/sqlsrv_driver.php
@@ -101,21 +101,6 @@
 	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 	/**
-	 * Reconnect
-	 *
-	 * Keep / reestablish the db connection if no queries have been
-	 * sent for a length of time exceeding the server's idle timeout
-	 *
-	 * @return	void
-	 */
-	public function reconnect()
-	{
-		// not implemented in MSSQL
-	}
-
-	// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-	/**
 	 * Select the database
 	 *
 	 * @param	string	database name
diff --git a/system/libraries/Email.php b/system/libraries/Email.php
index f30fe40..8f383c9 100644
--- a/system/libraries/Email.php
+++ b/system/libraries/Email.php
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 	public $crlf		= "\n";			// The RFC 2045 compliant CRLF for quoted-printable is "\r\n".  Apparently some servers,
 									// even on the receiving end think they need to muck with CRLFs, so using "\n", while
 									// distasteful, is the only thing that seems to work for all environments.
+	public $dsn		= FALSE;		// Delivery Status Notification
 	public $send_multipart	= TRUE;		// TRUE/FALSE - Yahoo does not like multipart alternative, so this is an override.  Set to FALSE for Yahoo.
 	public $bcc_batch_mode	= FALSE;	// TRUE/FALSE - Turns on/off Bcc batch feature
 	public $bcc_batch_size	= 200;		// If bcc_batch_mode = TRUE, sets max number of Bccs in each batch
@@ -1567,9 +1568,15 @@
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
 			case 'to'	:
-
-						$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'>');
-
+						
+						if ($this->dsn)
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'> NOTIFY=SUCCESS,DELAY,FAILURE ORCPT=rfc822;'.$data);
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							$this->_send_data('RCPT TO:<'.$data.'>');
+						}
 						$resp = 250;
 			break;
 			case 'data'	:
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
index ed0b710..42d468e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelog.rst
@@ -73,6 +73,8 @@
    -  Removed protect_identifiers() and renamed _protect_identifiers() to it instead - it was just an alias.
    -  MySQL and MySQLi drivers now require at least MySQL version 5.1.
    -  db_set_charset() now only requires one parameter (collation was only needed due to legacy support for MySQL versions prior to 5.1).
+   -  Added DSN string support for CUBRID.
+   -  Added persistent connections support for CUBRID.
 
 -  Libraries
 
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@
    -  Added function reset_validation() to form validation library, which resets internal validation variables in case of multiple validation routines.
    -  Changed the Session library to select only one row when using database sessions.
    -  Added a Wincache driver to the `Caching Library <libraries/caching>`.
+   -  Added dsn (delivery status notification) option to the :doc:`Email Library <libraries/email>`.
 
 -  Core
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst
index 27b704d..d7e40f5 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
 **newline**         \\n                    "\\r\\n" or "\\n" or "\\r"   Newline character. (Use "\\r\\n" to comply with RFC 822).
 **bcc_batch_mode**  FALSE                  TRUE or FALSE (boolean)      Enable BCC Batch Mode.
 **bcc_batch_size**  200                    None                         Number of emails in each BCC batch.
+**dsn**             FALSE                  TRUE or FALSE (boolean)      Enable notify message from server
 =================== ====================== ============================ =======================================================================
 
 Email Function Reference